HowToRepairGuide.com: How Automatic Transmission Operates

Understand The Working Of Automatic Transmission

Intro about Automatic Transmission:

The auto transmission permits engine torque and power to be sent to the rear wheels inside a narrow range of engine running speeds. It'll permit the engine to turn rapid sufficient to deliver a lot of power and torque at very low speeds, while maintaining it at a sensible rpm at high vehicle speeds, And it does this job without driver assist that's why its automatic transmission.

The transmission works by using a light fluid as the medium for the transmission of power. This fluid also works in the functioning of various hydraulic control circuits and as a lubricant.

Since the transmission fluid executes all of these functions, issues within the unit can quickly travel from one part to another. And also because of the complexity and unusual operating principles of the transmission, a very sound knowing of the basic concepts of functioning will make simpler troubleshooting.

Automatic transmission consists of 4 main parts:

TORQUE CONVERTER
PLANETARY GEARBOX
SERVOS AND ACCUMULATORS
HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Here we will discuss about all these parts one by one.

Starting by Torque converter

The torque converter is a metal case which is shaped like a sphere that has been flattened on opposite sides. It is bolted to the rear end of the engine's crankshaft.

Generally, the entire metal case rotates at engine speed and serves as the engine's flywheel.

The case contains three sets of blades.

One set is attached directly to the case. This set forms the torus or pump.

Another set is directly connected to the output shaft, and forms the turbine.

The last and third set is mounted on a hub which, in turn, is mounted on a stationary shaft through a one-way clutch. This third set is known as the stator.

A pump, which is driven by the converter hub at engine speed, keeps the torque converter full of transmission fluid at all times. Fluid flows continuously through the unit to provide cooling.

Under low speed acceleration, the torque converter functions as follows:

See below diagram showing how gears are driven:

The torque converter replaces the conventional clutch. Its main functions are:

To allows the engine to idle with the vehicle at a standstill, even with the transmission in gear.

To allow the transmission to shift from range-to-range smoothly, without requiring that the driver close the throttle during the shift.

It multiplies engine torque to an increasing extent as vehicle speed drops and throttle opening is increased.

This has the effect of making the transmission more responsive and reduces the amount of shifting required.

The torus is turning faster than the turbine. It picks up fluid at the center of the converter and, through centrifugal force, slings it outward. Since the outer edge of the converter moves faster than the portions at the center, the fluid picks up speed.

The fluid then enters the outer edge of the turbine blades. It then travels back toward the center of the converter case along the turbine blades. In impinging upon the turbine blades, the fluid loses the energy picked up in the torus.

If the fluid was now returned directly into the torus, both halves of the converter would have to turn at approximately the same speed at all times, and torque input and output would both be the same.

In flowing through the torus and turbine, the fluid picks up two types of flow, or flow in two separate directions. It flows through the turbine blades, and it spins with the engine. The stator, whose blades are stationary when the vehicle is being accelerated at low speeds, converts one type of flow into another. Instead of allowing the fluid to flow straight back into the torus, the stator's curved blades turn the fluid almost 90° toward the direction of rotation of the engine. Thus the fluid does not flow as fast toward the torus, but is already spinning when the torus picks it up. This has the effect of allowing the torus to turn much faster than the turbine. This difference in speed may be compared to the difference in speed between the smaller and larger gears in any gear train. The result is that engine power output is higher, and engine torque is multiplied.

As the speed of the turbine increases, the fluid spins faster and faster in the direction of engine rotation. As a result, the ability of the stator to redirect the fluid flow is reduced. Under cruising conditions, the stator is eventually forced to rotate on its one-way clutch in the direction of engine rotation. Under these conditions, the torque converter begins to behave almost like a solid shaft, with the torus and turbine speeds being almost equal.

PLANETARY GEARBOX

See Figures 2, 3 and 4

The ability of the torque converter to multiply engine torque is limited. Also, the unit tends to be more efficient when the turbine is rotating at relatively high speeds. Therefore, a planetary gearbox is used to carry the power output of the turbine to the driveshaft.

Fig. Fig. 2: Planetary gears work in a similar fashion to manual transmission gears, but are composed of three parts

Planetary gears function very similarly to conventional transmission gears. However, their construction is different in that three elements make up one gear system, and, in that all three elements are different from one another. The three elements are: an outer gear that is shaped like a hoop, with teeth cut into the inner surface; a sun gear, mounted on a shaft and located at the very center of the outer gear; and a set of three planet gears, held by pins in a ring-like planet carrier, meshing with both the sun gear and the outer gear. Either the outer gear or the sun gear may be held stationary, providing more than one possible torque multiplication factor for each set of gears. Also, if all three gears are forced to rotate at the same speed, the gearset forms, in effect, a solid shaft.

Fig. Fig. 3: Planetary gears in the maximum reduction (low) range. The ring gear is held and a lower gear ratio is obtained

Fig. Fig. 4: Planetary gears in the minimum reduction (drive) range. The ring gear is allowed to revolve, providing a higher gear ratio

Most automatics use the planetary gears to provide various reductions ratios. Bands and clutches are used to hold various portions of the gearsets to the transmission case or to the shaft on which they are mounted. Shifting is accomplished, then, by changing the portion of each planetary gearset which is held to the transmission case or to the shaft.

SERVOS AND ACCUMULATORS

See Figure 5

The servos are hydraulic pistons and cylinders. They resemble the hydraulic actuators used on many other machines, such as bulldozers. Hydraulic fluid enters the cylinder, under pressure, and forces the piston to move to engage the band or clutches.

Fig. Fig. 5: Servos, operated by pressure, are used to apply or release the bands, to either hold the ring gear or allow it to rotate

The accumulators are used to cushion the engagement of the servos. The transmission fluid must pass through the accumulator on the way to the servo. The accumulator housing contains a thin piston which is sprung away from the discharge passage of the accumulator. When fluid passes through the accumulator on the way to the servo, it must move the piston against spring pressure, and this action smooths out the action of the servo.

HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM

The hydraulic pressure used to operate the servos comes from the main transmission oil pump. This fluid is channeled to the various servos through the shift valves. There is generally a manual shift valve which is operated by the transmission selector lever and an automatic shift valve for each automatic upshift the transmission provides.

Many new transmissions are electronically controlled. On these models, electrical solenoids are used to better control the hydraulic fluid. Usually, the solenoids are regulated by an electronic control module.

There are two pressures which affect the operation of these valves. One is the governor pressure which is effected by vehicle speed. The other is the modulator pressure which is effected by intake manifold vacuum or throttle position. Governor pressure rises with an increase in vehicle speed, and modulator pressure rises as the throttle is opened wider. By responding to these two pressures, the shift valves cause the upshift points to be delayed with increased throttle opening to make the best use of the engine's power output.

Most transmissions also make use of an auxiliary circuit for downshifting. This circuit may be actuated by the throttle linkage the vacuum line which actuates the modulator, by a cable or by a solenoid. It applies pressure to a special downshift surface on the shift valve or valves.

The transmission modulator also governs the line pressure, used to actuate the servos. In this way, the clutches and bands will be actuated with a force matching the torque output of the engine.

This details will help.

Thanks.

SEE BELOW TRANSMISSION RELATED ARTICLES

HOW TO CHECK AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL

http://schematicsdiagram.blogspot.com/2011/07/how-to-check-automatic-transmission.html

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HOW TO CHANGE AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID AND FILTER

http://schematicsdiagram.blogspot.com/2011/07/how-to-change-automatic-transmission.html

HOW TO REPLACE A TRANSMISSION MOUNT

http://schematicsdiagram.blogspot.com/2011/08/how-to-replace-transmission-mount.html

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